E-participation refers to the digital support of citizen engagement processes at the interface between civil society and state institutions. Tools include online consultations, digital petition platforms, interactive participation portals and deliberative formats such as digitally assisted citizens' assemblies. The aim is to make political participation more accessible, location-independent and inclusive. Successful examples include fault-reporting systems and national platforms for legislative consultations. Challenges include the digital divide, as not all population groups have equal digital access. Furthermore, it must be ensured that participation results actually feed into decision-making processes to strengthen the legitimacy and trust in e-participation offerings.